IPO vs. ICO: What’s the Difference and Why It Matters for Companies & Investors

Updated February 2, 2026

Companies looking to raise capital today have more options than ever — from traditional public offerings to blockchain-based fundraising models. Two of the most commonly discussed approaches are Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) and Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs). While both are used to raise money from investors, they operate under very different legal, financial, and regulatory frameworks. Understanding these differences is essential for founders, investors, and anyone evaluating risk in modern capital markets.

IPOs and ICOs: Two Capital-Raising Paths, Very Different Rules

An Initial Public Offering (IPO) is the process through which a privately held company goes public by offering shares of its stock to investors on a regulated exchange. An Initial Coin Offering (ICO), by contrast, is a fundraising mechanism used primarily by blockchain-based companies or projects, where capital is raised by issuing digital tokens — often referred to as “coins” — to participants.

These tokens are typically built on blockchain technology, a decentralized ledger system that records transactions across multiple computers rather than relying on a single centralized authority. While both IPOs and ICOs aim to raise capital, they operate in fundamentally different legal and regulatory environments.

In short, an initial public offering (IPO) is the process by which a privately held company becomes publicly traded by issuing shares of stock to the public. Meanwhile, an Initial Coin Offering (ICO) is a fundraising method used by companies and projects to raise capital by issuing and selling digital tokens, often called “coins” or “tokens” to investors.

How Does a Company Launch an IPO?

Launching an IPO is a structured, highly regulated process that generally unfolds in several stages:

1. Selecting an investment bank;

2. Registering with the SEC;

3. Completing due diligence;

4. Conducting a roadshow;

5. Pricing and allocation; and

6. Commencing public trading.

At the outset, a company typically retains one or more investment banks to act as underwriters. These banks assist in valuing the company, setting an initial share price, and navigating regulatory requirements. The company then files a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission, disclosing detailed information about its business, finances, leadership, and the proposed offering.

Following this filing, underwriters conduct due diligence to verify disclosures and assess risk. The company and its bankers then embark on a roadshow, presenting the business to institutional investors and analysts to gauge interest. Based on market feedback, the final share price is set, allocations are made, and the stock begins trading on an exchange such as the NYSE or NASDAQ.

What Are the Risks Associated with an IPO?

Going public is neither quick nor inexpensive. The IPO process involves significant legal, accounting, and compliance costs, and success depends heavily on timing, market conditions, and investor appetite. Even well-prepared companies face uncertainty — public markets can be volatile, and post-IPO performance does not always meet expectations. As a result, IPOs carry meaningful financial and reputational risk despite their regulatory structure.

How Does an ICO Work?

An ICO shares one surface-level similarity with an IPO — raising capital from the public — but the mechanics differ substantially. Instead of equity, an ICO offers blockchain-based tokens, which may grant access to a platform, participation rights, or other functional benefits.

Typically, a project launching an ICO will:

1. Release a whitepaper explaining the project’s purpose, technology, and token use; and

2. Establish a fundraising target and timeline.

Investors can usually purchase tokens using cryptocurrencies such as Solana or Ethereum. Depending on the project, tokens may be used to access services, interact with a decentralized network, or participate in governance decisions. Unlike IPOs, ICOs often proceed without standardized disclosure requirements or ongoing reporting obligations.

What Are the Risks of an ICO?

ICOs are widely considered high-risk and speculative. The absence of consistent regulation, combined with the technical complexity of blockchain projects, has historically made the ICO space vulnerable to fraud, failed projects, and misleading disclosures. In addition, regulatory treatment varies significantly by jurisdiction, and in many cases remains unsettled — creating legal uncertainty for both issuers and investors.

For these reasons, anyone considering participation in an ICO should approach with caution, conduct independent research, and understand that token offerings may carry substantially greater legal and financial risk than traditional securities offerings.

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*This article is provided for informational purposes only, and does not constitute legal advice, counsel or representation.